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1 Japan Railways Group
Железнодорожный термин: Группа японских железных дорог -
2 JR
2) Спорт: Just Run3) Военный термин: Joint Review, Junk Radio, jam-resistant4) Шутливое выражение: Jennifer Rose, Juvenile Retard5) Железнодорожный термин: Japanese Railroad, Japanese Railway6) Юридический термин: Jane Roe, Just Relentless7) Ветеринария: JACK RUSSELL terrier, Jack Rabbit8) Грубое выражение: Just Rotten9) Музыка: Just Rehearsing10) Сокращение: Joint Resolution, judgement respited11) Физиология: Just Right12) Школьное выражение: Jim Roe13) Космонавтика: Joanneum Research14) Транспорт: Japan Rail, Japanese Rail15) Фирменный знак: Japan Railways, Jewett Radio, Jolly Rancher, The Jacobs Ranch16) Программирование: Jump Register, Jump Relative, Justification Right17) Велосипеды: joyrider18) Имена и фамилии: James Robertson, James Russell, Jane Russel, Jesse Ruggiero, Jessica Rabbit, Jim Riddle, John Roberts, John Ross, Johnny Ray, Johnny Rotten, Judy Richards19) Должность: Justified Removal20) Чат: Just Relaxing21) NYSE. Journal Response22) НАСА: Joint Report23) Программное обеспечение: Java Run24) Международная торговля: Japan Remote -
3 Jr
2) Спорт: Just Run3) Военный термин: Joint Review, Junk Radio, jam-resistant4) Шутливое выражение: Jennifer Rose, Juvenile Retard5) Железнодорожный термин: Japanese Railroad, Japanese Railway6) Юридический термин: Jane Roe, Just Relentless7) Ветеринария: JACK RUSSELL terrier, Jack Rabbit8) Грубое выражение: Just Rotten9) Музыка: Just Rehearsing10) Сокращение: Joint Resolution, judgement respited11) Физиология: Just Right12) Школьное выражение: Jim Roe13) Космонавтика: Joanneum Research14) Транспорт: Japan Rail, Japanese Rail15) Фирменный знак: Japan Railways, Jewett Radio, Jolly Rancher, The Jacobs Ranch16) Программирование: Jump Register, Jump Relative, Justification Right17) Велосипеды: joyrider18) Имена и фамилии: James Robertson, James Russell, Jane Russel, Jesse Ruggiero, Jessica Rabbit, Jim Riddle, John Roberts, John Ross, Johnny Ray, Johnny Rotten, Judy Richards19) Должность: Justified Removal20) Чат: Just Relaxing21) NYSE. Journal Response22) НАСА: Joint Report23) Программное обеспечение: Java Run24) Международная торговля: Japan Remote -
4 jr
2) Спорт: Just Run3) Военный термин: Joint Review, Junk Radio, jam-resistant4) Шутливое выражение: Jennifer Rose, Juvenile Retard5) Железнодорожный термин: Japanese Railroad, Japanese Railway6) Юридический термин: Jane Roe, Just Relentless7) Ветеринария: JACK RUSSELL terrier, Jack Rabbit8) Грубое выражение: Just Rotten9) Музыка: Just Rehearsing10) Сокращение: Joint Resolution, judgement respited11) Физиология: Just Right12) Школьное выражение: Jim Roe13) Космонавтика: Joanneum Research14) Транспорт: Japan Rail, Japanese Rail15) Фирменный знак: Japan Railways, Jewett Radio, Jolly Rancher, The Jacobs Ranch16) Программирование: Jump Register, Jump Relative, Justification Right17) Велосипеды: joyrider18) Имена и фамилии: James Robertson, James Russell, Jane Russel, Jesse Ruggiero, Jessica Rabbit, Jim Riddle, John Roberts, John Ross, Johnny Ray, Johnny Rotten, Judy Richards19) Должность: Justified Removal20) Чат: Just Relaxing21) NYSE. Journal Response22) НАСА: Joint Report23) Программное обеспечение: Java Run24) Международная торговля: Japan Remote -
5 Inoue Masaru
[br]b. 1 August 1843 Hagi, Choshu, Japand. 2 August 1910 London, England[br]Japanese "Father of Japanese Railways".[br]In the early 1860s, most travel in Japan was still by foot and the Japanese were forbidden by their government to travel abroad. Inoue was one of a small group of students who left Japan illegally in 1863 for London. There he studied English, mathematics and science, and afterwards mineralogy and railways. Inoue returned to Japan in 1868, when the new Meiji Government reopened the country to the outside world after some 200 years of isolation. Part of its policy, despite opposition, was to build railways; at Inoue's suggestion, the gauge of 3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m) was adopted. Initially capital, engineers, skilled labour and materials ranging from locomotives to pencils and stationery were all imported from Britain; Edmund Morel was the first Chief Engineer. In 1871 Inoue was appointed Director of the Government Railway Bureau and he became the driving force behind railway development in Japan for more than two decades. The first line, from Tokyo to Yokohama, was opened in 1872, to be followed by others, some of them at first isolated. The number of foreigners employed, most of them British, peaked at 120 in 1877 and then rapidly declined as the Japanese learned to take over their tasks. In 1878, at Inoue's instance, construction of a line entirely by Japanese commenced for the first time, with British engineers as consultants only. It was ten years before Japanese Railways' total route was 70 miles (113 km) long; over the next ten years, this increased to 1,000 miles (1,600 km) and the system continued to grow rapidly. During 1892–3, a locomotive was built in Japan for the first time, under the guidance of Locomotive Superintendent R.F.Trevithick, grandson of the pioneer Richard Trevithick: it was a compound 2–4–2 tank engine, with many parts imported from Britain. Locomotive building in Japan then blossomed so rapidly that imports were discontinued, with rare exceptions, from 1911. Meanwhile Inoue had retired in 1893; he was on a visit to England at the time of his death.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsViscount 1887.Bibliography1909, "Japanese communications: railroads", in Count Shigenobu Okuma (ed.), Fifty Years of New Japan (English version ed. M.B.Huish), Smith, Elder, Ch. 18.Further ReadingT.Richards and K.C.Rudd, 1991 Japanese Railways in the Meiji Period 1868–1912, Uxbridge: Brunel University (one of the few readily available accounts in English of the origins of Japanese Railways).PJGR -
6 Pihl, Carl Abraham
[br]b. 16 January 1825 Stavanger, Norwayd. 14 September 1897 Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway[br]Norwegian railway engineer, protagonist of narrow-gauge railways.[br]Pihl trained as an engineer at Göteborg, Sweden, and then moved to London, where he worked under Robert Stephenson during 1845 and 1846. In 1850 he returned to Norway and worked with the English contractors building the first railway in Norway, the Norwegian Trunk Railway from Kristiania to Eidsvold, for which the English standard gauge was used. Subsequently he worked in England for a year, but in 1856 joined the Norwegian government's Road Department, which was to have responsibility for railways. In 1865 a distinct Railway Department was set up, and Pihl became Director for State Railway Construction. Because of the difficulties of the terrain and limited traffic, Pihl recommended that in the case of two isolated lines to be built the outlay involved in ordinary railways would not be justified, and that they should be built to the narrow gauge of 3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m). His recommendation was accepted by the Government in 1857 and the two lines were built to this gauge and opened during 1861–4. Six of their seven locomotives, and all their rolling stock, were imported from Britain. The lines cost £3,000 and £5,000 per mile, respectively; a standard-gauge line built in the same period cost £6,400 per mile.Subsequently, many hundreds of miles of Norwegian railways were built to 3 ft 6 in. (1.07 m) gauge under Pihl's direction. They influenced construction of railways to this gauge in Australia, Southern Africa, New Zealand, Japan and elsewhere. However, in the late 1870s controversy arose in Norway over the economies that could in fact be gained from the 3 ft 6 in. (1,07 m) gauge. This controversy in the press, in discussion and in the Norwegian parliament became increasingly acrimonious during the next two decades; the standard-gauge party may be said to have won with the decision in 1898, the year after Pihl's death, to build the Bergen-Oslo line to standard gauge.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight of the Order of St Olaf 1862; Commander of the Order of St Olaf 1877. Commander of the Royal Order of Vasa 1867. Royal Order of the Northern Star 1882.Further ReadingP.Allen and P.B.Whitehouse, 1959, Narrow Gauge Railways of Europe, Ian Allan (describes the Norwegian Battle of the Gauges).A biographical article on Pihl appears (in Norwegian) in Norsk Biografisk Leksikon.PJGR -
7 JNR
1) Железнодорожный термин: Japan National Railway2) Фирменный знак: Japanese National Railways -
8 jnr
1) Железнодорожный термин: Japan National Railway2) Фирменный знак: Japanese National Railways -
9 Laithwaite, Eric Roberts
[br]b. 14 June 1921 Atherton, Lancashire, England[br]English engineer, notable contributor to the development of linear electric motors.[br]Laithwaite's education at Kirkham Grammar School and Regent Street Polytechnic, London, was followed by service in the Royal Air Force. After entering Manchester University in 1946 and graduating in 1949, he joined the university staff and became Secretary to the Inaugural Conference of the Ferranti Mark I computer. In 1964 he moved to Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, and became Professor of Heavy Electrical Engineering. From 1967 to 1976 he also held the post of External Professor of Applied Electricity at the Royal Institution. Research into the use of linear induction motors as shuttle drives in weaving looms was followed by investigations into their application to conveyors in industrial processes and as high-speed propulsion units for railway vehicles. With considerable involvement in a tracked hovercraft project in the 1960s and 1970s, he proposed the concept of transverse flux and the magnetic river high-speed linear induction machine. Linear motors and electromagnetic levitation have been applied to high-speed propulsion in the United States, France and Japan.Laithwaite has written five books and over one hundred papers on the subjects of linear motors and electromagnetic levitation. Two series of Christmas lectures were presented by him at the Royal Institution.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society S.G.Brown Medal 1966. Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers Nikola Tesla Award 1986.Bibliography1966, Induction Machines for Special Purposes, London.1970, Propulsion Without Wheels, London (discusses properties and applications of linear induction motors).1977 (ed.), Transport Without Wheels, London (describes the design and applications of linear electric motors).1987, A History of Linear Electric Motors, London (provides a general historical survey).Further ReadingB.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London, pp. 261–4 (provides an account of early linear motors).M.Poloujadoff, 1980, The Theory of Linear Induction Motors, Oxford (for a comparison of analytical methods recommended by various investigators).GWBiographical history of technology > Laithwaite, Eric Roberts
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